The Bubonic Plague :: essays research papers

The Bubonic Plague is one of the most deadly diseases of all time as well as one of the most famous. Although it is not common these days to see it, it was widespread during the medieval times where millions had died. It was so widespread, it was said that there was not enough living to bury the dead. Rodents ran the unsanitary streets that carried the fleas that had the disease. This is how the Bubonic Plague was spread. It was believed at the time by the people that the gods were punishing them for things they had done wrong in the past. The Bubonic Plague is transmitted either though an infected rodent (rats, rabbits, etc.) carrying bugs (fleas). A person will become ill two to six days after being infected with the Bubonic Plague. It was first thought that the rats themselves transmitted the Bubonic Plague because when people found dead rats in the towns' streets, they would usually flee their civilization in fear of the rodents. But in 1898, Simond observed that people would only get the disease if you came in contact with a rodent or rat that was dead for a short amout of time. Simond also discovered that if you were in contact with one that had been dead for more than twenty-four hours, the chance of catching the Bubonic Plague would be quite minimal. It is called the Bubonic Plague because once you have the disease, it will, in most cases, cause lymph glands to swell up and become very tender with pain. These swollen glands are called "buboes". If the Bubonic Plague is left untreated, the bacteria will enter the blood stream and travel to other places inside the body like organs such as lungs, liver, and the spleen. If it does enter the lungs, it can cause a pneumonic form of the Bubonic Plague. The symptoms for this are high fever, chils, cough, and breathing difficulty. They may even spit up blood, depending upon how severe the infection is. Like I said earlier, the Bubonic Plague is not very common these days, but that is because we live in the United States where our sanitary level is fairly high. But in Africa, Asia, and South America, several people die from it every year. In fact, there is reported that world wide tehre are one thousand to three thousand cases of the Bubonic Plague each year. In the United States, the Bubonic Plague is only

What Are Scientific Investigation and Non-scientific Investigation?

Scientific investigation and non-scientific investigation are fields of inquiry used by scholars, policy makers, health professionals and economists among others, to acquire knowledge that explains the various forms of phenomena that exist in the natural physical environment. Science is derived from a Latin word scientia which literally means knowledge. It is a discipline that deals with the systematic process of gathering knowledge about the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world, based on facts that are measurable and can be proven by manipulation of data obtained through experiments, and observation (Gaukroger, 2006). Investigation is the process of enquiring into unfamiliar or questionable activities, thoroughly and systematically with the aim getting a solution (Bauer, 1992). Scientific investigation therefore is a method used to acquire knowledge through careful observation of facts of a situation that is unfamiliar or questionable, which helps in the development of a hypothesis from which logical predictions can be proven by way of experimentation, and manipulation of empirical data (Ziman, 2000). Non-scientific investigation on the other hand is devoid of all attributes that are scientific in nature. The careful examination, with the aim of establishing reasons for the occurrence or existence of a particular phenomenon cannot be verified with reference to data gathered by means of experiments, observations, empirical evidence or any other forms regarded as scientific. Conclusions are majorly based on claims, estimations and generalized assumptions that cannot be measured or empirically determined (Proper, 1983). Steps of scientific investigation: The first step involves informal observations of phenomena or behavior in a way that is not systematic. In the process, unique behavior might get noticed within the environment under investigation. For example, it may be observed that people are generally happier in warm sunny days. As questions about events arise, generalizations are made toward the noticed behavior through a process known as inductive reasoning. (Holyoak and Morrison, 2005). This involves using a specific characteristic to make conclusions about the general situation. For example, people are happier on warm and sunny days. The second step involves the formation of a tentative answer known as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposal expressing opinion based on incomplete evidence or a concept that has not yet been verified but that if true would explain a possible relationship between or among a set of phenomena (Burks, 1977). The hypotheses are normally tested using experimental studies to determine their relevance through a series of steps that are repetitive. This provides a consistent way of predicting further results related to specific situations or phenomena (Fraassen, 1980). This begins by listing variables that are associated with the observation. A variable is a condition that has different values for different items. For example, other variables associated with warm sunny days and happiness could be weather and health. There now arises two possible explanations for the observation made; that people are less likely to get colds and flu which limits depression and makes them happy, and people are happier in warm sunny days because the weather is bright and welcoming. At this point, one between the two observations is selected forming the hypothesis which is subjected to further investigation to determine whether it is true or false. Thirdly, is the use of the hypothesis to generate a prediction, which can be tested. This involves applying the hypothesis to a specific real-world situation that can be observed (Patten, 2004). At his level, logic is used to make a prediction through a process known as deductive reasoning where the prediction starts from a general statement to one that is specific (Patton, 2002). For example, if the hypothesis states that less depression is as a result of better lighting, a specific prediction is that, increasing lighting of a building on the ground floor should decrease depression among employees working on that floor. The fourth step is to evaluate the prediction by undertaking the actual research to provide a fair and unbiased result by observing if the hypothesis is correct (Bunge, 1998). Finally, observations are used to back, refute, or to refine the original. This is based on the extent to which observations agree with predictions. If they agree, new predictions can be set and tested. If not, then the hypothesis needs to be revised because it is wrong. The scientific process is a repetitive, circular, spiral process and not a linear process (Maleske, 2005). Other elements of scientific investigation All scientific investigations must be objective. They should not be influenced by personal feelings or opinions of the party carrying out the investigation but rather by facts that can be proven (Neuman, 2006). This reduces the eventuality of biased interpretations and conclusions of results from an investigation. Scientific investigations must be documented. Official records should be kept for use as evidence or proof that investigation on a particular phenomenon actually took place. This would lend credibility to the process in case any there is need for further investigation (Krippendorff, 2004). Another basic expectation is to archive all documented work resulting from scientific investigation. This involves storage of information that is not often needed into various forms of storage media like tapes, disks, paper, and slides for future reference. Data and methodology from scientific investigations must be shared to allow for careful scrutiny by other scientists. This allows other researchers the opportunity to carefully scrutinize results and also verify them by attempting to reproduce them through a practice called full disclosure (Holton, 1988). Finally, scientific investigations must allow for statistical measures of reliability of the data to be established. Non-scientific investigation Non-scientific investigation is a process of inquiry into particular phenomena existing in the natural physical environment in a manner that is not systematic. The major aspects of non-scientific investigation are qualitative in nature, in the sense that the process of inquiry is not based on facts and data that is measurable and can be empirically manipulated to arrive at conclusions but reasoned explanations, estimations, generalized assumptions and comparisons form the basis of non-scientific investigation (Salmon, 1990). Forms of non-scientific investigation Tenacity is used to acquire knowledge from habit or superstition. Repetitive and predictable events form the basis upon which knowledge is acquired. There is no actual observation and examination of variables through research. As Stanovich (2007) observes, the element of repetitiveness and predictability hold a critical place in the field of science. Intuition is another form of non-scientific investigation through which knowledge is acquired. The substance of the matter under investigation is determined by a hunch or feeling that could be emotionally motivated or not (Stanovich, 2007). Through keen observation or by reading other sources, feelings and emotions may be invoked triggering studies that end up on conclusions being made. The nature of conclusions depends on the emotional disposition of the investigator. Authority by experts is another form of non-scientific investigation (Thurs, 2007). This is simply derived from the idea that expert opinion is based on information acquired earlier through various forms. Due to the fact that individual experts are expected to offer leadership in their areas of specialization, they easily contribute information which is presumed to be knowledge. Rationalism is another form of non-scientific investigation where knowledge is acquired from reasoning and making of logical conclusions (Audi, 1999). Simply put, rationalism is based on appeal to logic. However, logic may not necessarily explain phenomena as certain information may be convincing though such may fail the knowledge test. Lastly is empiricism which relates to acquisition of knowledge from direct sensory observation (Keeton, 1962). This is heavily dependent on the five senses possessed by a human being including the sense of touch, smell, taste, sound and sight. Conclusion Scientific and non-scientific investigation offer useful skills of inquiry that can be used hand in hand. These two processes complement each other throughout the whole investigative process to bring about a more comprehensive and tangible investigation (McComas, 2002). The steps under scientific investigation are punctuated by elements of non-scientific investigation giving it substance and credibility that is necessary for the process to be complete. The following non-scientific forms of investigation roughly show the correlation that exists with the scientific forms, observation (method of empiricism), reading other researchers’ articles (method of authority) (MacMorris, 1989). For an investigation to be deemed complete and comprehensive, scientific investigation and non-scientific investigation must be used together.

Solar Energy Advantages And Disadvantages - 749 Words

Solar energy advantages and also drawbacks will be your basic aspect to consider when thinking about installing a brand new system. Though the benefits and drawbacks of solar energy is usually different for different folks and different applications or areas, many of them tend to be the similar. Solar panel technology advantages and disadvantages are generally affected generally by normal occurrences, identical to conventional utility sources. These good and bad points provide a fine starting place for those considering your solar power venture because of their home or industrial building. Solar energy advantages are generally umpteen as it is but not only affordable but also numerous! Photovoltaics, or the process of transforming light†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the use of solar energy panels is environmentally friendly. Solar energy panels, also called photovoltaic panels, are made of materials that concentrate the suns rays. When the suns rays struck a PV panel, a number of the energy can be consumed by the panel. Electric power generated by solar energy would not cause any such carbon dioxide. Electricity that is constructed from coal can result in quite a lot of waste and pollution. Power from the sun improves air quality due to the fact fumes from kerosene bulbs and other fuel solutions are being used a smaller amount. On the other hand, solar power electricity does not incur any kind of repetitive expenses, instead just an up-prominent expenditure for the individual solar panel system, which usually produces your own electrical energy. Once the system is set up, there wont be any more electricity bills. Alternative types of energy are needed to be able to prick our dependency on essential oil, because oil is probably finite and the cheap options for oil seem to be running out at least below our fresh technological capacities. Oil, on the other hand, is just not renewable. It takes millions of years to form. Gas and natural gas tend to be dangerously vulnerable in times of rental destruction, leaving many starving, cold and in deprecating ailments. At present, oil stores are being depletedShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Photo-Catalysts And Pec Techniques For Solar Hydrogen Energy1292 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT : Clean and renewable energy carrier technology has continually developed along with the increase in public awareness of green-house gases emission and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. Photo-catalysts and photoelectrochemical (PEC) techniques for water splitting are promising technology for solar hydrogen production to build a sustainable, renewable and clean energy economy. This paper is aimed at highlighting advantages and disadvantages of photo-catalysts and PEC techniques for waterRead MoreEarths Natural Energy Sources Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Renewable energy is energy produced from natural resources such as, wind, sunlight, rain, tides and geothermal heat which can be re-used or replenished. Natural energies (renewable energies) have its advantages and disadvantages. The reliance on fossil fuel is reduced by the sources of renewable energy. Though the use of natural sources has many advantages over the use of fossil fuels, the cost of investment for it can be too high for some people. In this project, I will be highlightingRead MoreFossil Fuels Advantages And Disadvantages1399 Words   |  6 Pageshas been one energy source that has dominated the world for a long time, fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are an energy source that includes coal, natural gas, and oil. Fossil fuels have been used for a long time because of their energy output. The downside is that is very harmful to the environment, so that is why we have renewable sources that are eco-friendly. Renewable energies still have not won the favor of the crowd because fossil fuel use is still much higher than renewable energy. The topics thatRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Renewable Energy1710 Words   |  7 Pagesour environment, alternative energy has become a source of energy that is an alternative to the problem that these fossil fuels have caused our Earth. Alternative energy are renewable and is considered to be free energy sources (Alternative Energy). All alternative energy sources have lower c arbon emissions when being compared to conventional energy sources. These sources include Biomass Energy, Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Hydroelectric Energy (Alternative Energy). With the use of recyclingRead MoreRenewable Energy And Solar Energy Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagespertaining to the idea of solar renewable energy. Within the research, I will look to inform the reader on advantages and disadvantages of solar energy. Also, how solar energy will affect human in later years in the universe. Once research is conducted the report will then be organized into an informational report. The informational report will be shared with U.S solar marketers, John Barbour, and others whom are interested in knowing more information about solar energy. The main objective of thisRead MoreSolar Power : Advantages And Challenges Of Solar Energy1710 Words   |  7 PagesJordan Hunt Final Paper Solar Energy Solar energy is energy that is collected from the sun that is then turned into electricity. The most common medium for using solar power is the use of solar panels. Through the use of solar panels people can use that harnessed electricity to power their houses, household appliances, their cars, even their towns and cities. Before the use of solar power people were using other sources of energy such as wind, and hydroelectric energy. The use of wind is a niceRead MoreRenewable Energies : Renewable Energy980 Words   |  4 PagesRenewable Energies BHARC1403 - ICWS Rishabh Bhasin â€Æ' â€Å"I declare that this assessment is my own work and that the sources of information and material I have used (including the internet) have been fully identified and properly acknowledged as required in the referencing guidelines provided.† â€Æ' Introduction Renewable sources of energy are the ones that can never be exhausted as they are provided by nature. For example- solar, hydro, wind, biomass. They produce little or no pollution and henceRead MoreSources Of Alternative Energy Sources926 Words   |  4 PagesAlternate Energy Sources Alternative energy sources are becoming more and more popular. The most important alternative energy sources are solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean, and hydropower energies. Their main advantage lies in the resumption of energy resources. This paper will give information about each of sources as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Solar energy The Sun is a leading environmentally clean energy source. The process of generating electricity from sunlight has beenRead MoreRenewable Energy : Alternative Energy1559 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative energy can be defined as Energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. When thinking about alternative energy sources we generally focus on the main types: nuclear, solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These are things that mainly do not cause pollution and are very environmentally friendly (Alternative Energy). Alternative energy is thought to be renewable and â€Å"free.† Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, SolarRead MoreIntroduction: Now days the renewable energy is utilized in many forms. It exist in forms of various900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe renewable energy is utilized in many forms. It exist in forms of various energy like sun energy , wind energy and water energy. The sun energy is one of the best of these energies so, we can benefit from it in so many purpose and ways , like the case in solar cars. Presently , the solar cars are available in a lot of countries. Since, they have many benefits and advantages. Therefor, in this essay I am going to talk about the solar car, its component , advantages and disadvantages of it and development

Make Non-Toxic Glue From Milk

Use common kitchen materials to make your own glue. Add vinegar to milk, separate the curds, and add baking soda and water. Voila, youve got glue! Difficulty: AverageTime required: 15 minutes Materials 1/4 cup hot water1 tbsp vinegar2 tbsp powdered dry milk1/2 tsp baking sodaWater How to Make It Mix 1/4 cup hot tap water with 2 tbsp powdered milk. Stir until dissolved.Stir 1 tbsp of vinegar into the mixture. The milk will begin to separate into solid curds and watery whey. Continue stirring until the milk is well-separated.Pour the curds and whey into a coffee filter positioned over a cup. Slowly lift the filter, draining the whey. Keep the curd, which is in the filter.Squeeze the filter to remove as much liquid as possible from the curd. Discard the whey (i.e., pour it down a drain) and return the curd to a cup.Use a spoon to break the curd into small pieces.Add 1 tsp hot water and 1/8 to 1/4 tsp baking soda to the chopped curd. Some foaming may occur (carbon dioxide gas from the reaction of baking soda with vinegar).Mix thoroughly until the glue becomes smooth and more liquid. If the mixture is too thick, add a bit more water. If the glue is too lumpy, add more baking soda.The finished glue can vary in consistency from a thick liquid to a thick paste, depending on how much water has been added, how much curd was present, and how much baking soda was added.Use your glue as you would any school paste. Have fun!When not in use, cover your cup of glue with plastic wrap. Over time, its consistency will become smoother and more clear.Unrefrigerated glue will spoil after 24 to 48 hours. Discard the glue when it develops a spoiled milk smell. Tips for Success The separation of curds and whey works best when the milk is warm or hot. This  is why powdered milk is recommended for this project.If the separation doesnt work well, heat the milk or add a bit more vinegar. If it still doesnt work, start again with warmer water.Clean dried glue by loosening/dissolving it in warm water and wiping it away. Glue will wash out of clothes and off surfaces. Reaction Between Milk and Vinegar Mixing milk and vinegar (weak acetic acid) produces a chemical reaction that forms a polymer called casein. Casein is essentially a natural plastic. The casein molecule is long and pliable, which makes it perfect for forming a flexible bond between two surfaces. The casein curds may be molded and dried to form hard objects that are sometimes called milk pearls. When a small amount of baking soda is added to chopped curd, the baking soda (base) and residual vinegar (acid) participate in an acid-base chemical reaction to produce carbon dioxide, water, and sodium acetate. The carbon dioxide bubbles escape, while the sodium acetate solution combines with the casein curds to form a sticky glue. The thickness of the glue depends on the amount of water present, so it can be either a sticky paste (minimal water) or a thin glue (more water).

Principles And Strategic Elements Of Supply Chain Management

Objectives, principles and strategic elements of Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management already exists for more than hundred years. It wasn’t defined as terminology for some period of time and it took years to develop it. It began with Fredrick Taylor’s â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management† that was concentrated on improvement of manual loading processes all the way to Supply Chain Management we have now (Lamprecht, James; Page 180). Because Supply Chain Management spreading beyond location of production, everyone have different view on it. Many view Supply Chain Management from operational point of view where SCM is flow of materials. Others view SCM as an operational process. And others consider it as implementation of previously listed operational process in organization (Kotzab, Seuring, Muller and Reiner; Page 398). Here are some popular definitions of Supply Chain Management: According to one author Supply Chain Management is a set of approaches that helps to effectively integrate suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers. SCM ensures availability of the right product at the right time in the right place at minimum cost and taking into account the service requirements of customers (Mandavi, Iraj; Page 26). According to APICS Supply Chain Management is the process of organizational planning, execution and control flows of raw materials, work in process, finished goods, as well as ensuring efficient and fast service receiving of timelyShow MoreRelatedExamine the Strategic Importance of Supply Chain Management to a Manufacturing Firm. What Are the Major Types of Supply Chain Strategies Open to Such a Firm?1030 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction 2.0 Principle of SCM SCM is the management of a network of interconnected businesses (such as distributors, wholesalers and retailers) involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers. It spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption (supply chain). Principles of SCM are: - Internal integration of purchasing and supply, manufacturing and physicalRead MoreEssay on Supply Management and Value Added Processess1472 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Expectation that top management in companies – both in private and public sector – places on supply is growing exponentially, mainly because of the permanent drive to lower cost and retain competitive advantages on the market, but also to create additional value. Research has shown that the perception of impact of supply chains on the results of businesses will grow in the future, taking a more prominent role in company structures over time. According to research conducted by MonczkRead MoreThe Supply Chain Management ( Scm )1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking about the idea of Supply Chain Management (SCM) there are two core ideas that can be taken into account. Nearly every product that is obtained by a consumer is done so through the efforts of multiple companies working collaboratively. Secondly, many companies within these systems have historically been focused only on what role they play individually. SCM strives to bridge the gap between companies and organizations by providing effective management of supply chain activities in a way thatRead MoreLean Six Sigm An Efficient Approach1234 Words   |  5 Pages2015). In past either Lean or Six Sigma was utilized by the companies but eventually both approaches have been combines to bring up best possible results. The approach focuses on improvement of quality of products and it eventually improves supply chain management that results in better performance by the orga nization. Main Body: Lean Six Sigma works on basic five steps; defining the problem by taking into account views by costumers, measuring key features of present method and gathering of data,Read MoreSupply Chain Management Of United Parcel Services1588 Words   |  7 Pages Title Page: Supply Chain Management of United Parcel Services (UPS) Individual Research Paper Written in Fulfillment of Activity 8.5 Course Requirements for LGMT 683 October 2014 Term Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University – Worldwide December 12, 2014 By Minina Johnson â€Æ' Abstract This research paper is written to explain the importance of globalization and supply chain management of the United Parcel Service (UPS). In this document, the reader will obtain the history and development of UPS asRead MoreExploring Key Areas Of Operations Management1543 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this article we are going to analyse key areas of ‘Operations Management’, considering a British coffeehouse company: Costa Coffee. We will study its specific operations management strategic frameworks such as design of goods and services, location strategy, management quality, process and capacity design, layout strategy, inventory management, supply chain management and job design and evaluate its effect on both company’s success and productivity. Abstract Costa Coffee is aRead MoreStrategic Supply Chain Management2572 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿1.0 Introduction Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the management and administration of a network of interconnected enterprises involved in the fundamental provision of product and service packages required by end customers. This complex discipline is the systematic and strategic coordination of traditional business functions and the tactics across those business functions within a particular company and across businesses within that company’s supply chain. The end effect is improving long termRead MoreRubber Company1252 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrated supply chain as a significant element of Atlas’ new strategic plan? As Harrison and his team found that Atlas lacked integrated supply chain capabilities due to which disjointed distribution network was there and various third – partly logistic companies were used which lead to many problems and challenges. And logistics was only considered as a storage and distribution function rather than a strategic supply chain process. As Harrison came out with a strategic plan â€Å" Seven Principle of Growth†Read MoreImportance of an Organizations Operational Efficiency1782 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefits. Improving the efficiency of supply chain is the key to attaining this. These improvements look upon the magnitude at which a company reduces uncertainty in its supply chain. Effective management of supply chain is the most valued and daunting business element. Forever, Apple has been popular for its inspiring designs and innovative products. However, one factor that differentiates this corporation in terms of service delivery relates to its supply chain knowledge. Three (3) tasks that doRead MoreThe Importance Sustainable Purchasing Supply1625 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance Sustainable Purchasing Supply Name Institutional Affiliation Date The Importance Sustainable Purchasing Supply The purchasing and supply function is strategically vital in laying the foundation for an organization to acquire a competitive advantage. I have taken this stance following thorough literature reviews and taking into consideration statements that are relative to pertinent techniques, tools, and models. In addition, it has been taken into consideration with a focus on

Commitment to Living in Northern Territory

Question: Discuss about the Commitment to Living in Northern Territory. Answer: Introduction: I am a qualified Sports administrator. I am writing to express by commitment to living and working in Northern Territory for a minimum of two years. It has been my great wish to residence in Northern Territory for a long time. I am passionate about sports and am attracted to the sports industry in NT. I have noted that the people of NT passionately like sports and have good participation which makes me feel it a good place to settle and develop my career. This will give me an opportunity to practice my skills in sport administration. Apart from contributing my skills to NT, I love the tropical climate in NT and the nature. In addition, I admire the vibrant metropolitan culture in NT. The NT lifestyle is admirable to me. I like the sport culture and traditional events which are part of NT lifestyle. I also like residing in a less sparsely populated area as NT. This lifestyle is only in NT compared to other city in Australia. The cost of living in NT index is 90.40% relative to New York standards. The rent index is 47.33% and groceries index is 90.18%. A one bedroom apartment outside the city center is AU$ 1629.17. A restaurant meal in a restaurant is AU$ 20 on average. The transportation cost by local transport is on average at AU$ 3. The basic utilities cost on average is AU$ 306.6 per month. In comparison to Sydney, the rental prices are lower in Darwin by 28.45%. The restaurants prices in Sydney are lower than of Darwin by 25.12%. The prices of groceries in Darwin are 11.85% higher than in Sydney (Numbeo.com, 2017). The cost of local transport in Sydney is AU$4 while in Darwin is AU$3. The costs of basic utilities in Darwin are 71.63% higher than in Sydney. In general the cost of living in Darwin is lower than in Sydney. References Australiasnorthernterritory.com.au, (2017). Housing cost of living - Australia's Northern Territory. [online] Australiasnorthernterritory.com.au. Available at: https://www.australiasnorthernterritory.com.au/Living/Pages/housing-cost-living.aspx [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Numbeo.com, (2017). Cost of Living Comparison Between Sydney, Australia And Darwin, Australia. [online] Numbeo.com. Available at: https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/compare_cities.jsp?country1=Australiacountry2=Australiacity1=Sydneycity2=Darwintracking=getDispatchComparison [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Topendsports.com, (2017). Sport in the NT (Top End). [online] Topendsports.com. Available at: https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/australia/northern-territory.htm [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017].

This problem question deals with the law of adverse possession of land Essay Example

This problem question deals with the law of adverse possession of land Paper In order to advise Jason as to his position, the principles that govern this area of law must first be identified. Once identified, these rules can be applied to the specific situation at hand. The idea behind adverse possession is that of title by long possession. It is an accepted commentary that certainty of title to land is a social need and occupation of land which has long been unchallenged should not be disturbed. Under the rules of property law a person who takes possession of land immediately assumes property rights over all but those persons who, like the landowner can assert a better title. 2 The law of adverse possession makes it possible for this person to become the legal owner of the land through mere lapse of time by extinguishing the title of the paper owner if he does not take action to recover his land within a given time period. The policy behind this rule is that those who go to sleep upon their claims should not be assisted by the courts in recovering their prop erty. Before there can be a successful claim of adverse possession certain statutory and common law requirements must be fulfilled. The statutory rules are found in the Limitation Act 1980. The legislation says that no action can be brought by a landowner to recover his land after the expiration of twelve years from the date on which the right of action accrued to him, or from the date on which the right accrued to some person through whom he claims. The right of action is seen as having accrued once a landowner has been dispossessed of his land or has discontinued use of it and the land is in the adverse possession of some other in whose favour the period of limitation can run. 5 The result of land being adversely possessed for the entire period of limitation is that the original landowners title is completely extinguished,6 putting the adverse possessor of the land in the position of having a possessory title which is good against the whole world. We will write a custom essay sample on This problem question deals with the law of adverse possession of land specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on This problem question deals with the law of adverse possession of land specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on This problem question deals with the law of adverse possession of land specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I will look first at the situation involving the adjoining farmland on the east side. Although Jason purchased Holly Cottage in 1991 and so cannot have been in possession of the disputed land for twelve years, it is still possible for Barrys title to have been extinguished. The legislation states that the adverse possession must be continuous against the landowner7 but need not be maintained by the same individual for the entire time. Successive periods of squatting can be cumulative in effect so there is a possibility that the land has been adversely possessed for sufficient time. If Jason is to prove that Barry has lost his right of action, his chances will initially rely on whether he can show that Jill exercised adverse possession of the disputed land in her time at Holly Cottage. The requirements needed to prove successful adverse possession are to be found in the common law and were reviewed in the Court of Appeal case Buckingham County Council v Moran. 8 Firstly, the owner must lose possession. Possession can only be lost through discontinuance or dispossession. Discontinuance is particularly difficult to prove as even when the landowner is not in actual possession of the land there is a presumption that he has constructive possession of it. 9 Dispossession requires some act, or ouster by the squatter that results in depriving the landowner of use of the land. Secondly, the intruder must take factual possession of the land. This possession must be open rather than in secret, must be gained without the use of force and must not be with the consent of the landowner. Possession must be exclusive10 and the alleged possessor must have exercised an appropriate degree of physical control over the land. Decisions on the sufficiency of possession are dependant upon a situations specific facts, and acts that imply possession in one case may not be adequate to prove it in another. Factors that should be taken into account include the character and value of the land, its natural mode of use and whether the alleged possessor has dealt with the land as an occupying owner might have been expected to deal with it. 11 The third provision is that the possession must be inconsistent with the landowners title. This is the adverse requirement for a successful claim. Any possession that is concurrent with the landowners is not sufficient to support a claim. 12 Possession that is exercised with the permission of the landowner13 or under some lawful title can never be adverse in nature. 14 Finally, the adverse occupier must have an intention to possess the disputed land. The intention required comprises an intention, in ones own name and on ones own behalf, to exclude the world at large, including the owner so far as is reasonably practicable and so far as the processes of the law will allow. 15 Jill used the land for growing fruit. This seems to be a reasonable mode of use as the land is farmland so there is a good chance that Jill will be seen as having took factual possession. The existence of the letter tells us that since at least 1976 her possession would have been without the consent of Barry and therefore adverse to his title. The fact that Barry had an intent to use the land in the future would have no bearing on the claim. It is long sustained possession that is the root to a successful claim,16 not the intentions of the paper owner. 7 We do not know if Jill carried out any equivocal acts that would serve as evidence of her intention to possess the land but it is suggested that she had the necessary intention of exercising her control of the land for her own benefit. 18 Whether or not Barry lost possession is more doubtful and is essential to the claim. If it were found that Barry had lost possession and the other requirements had also been fulfilled, his title wou ld have been extinguished before Jill had sold the property and therefore he would be statute barred from bringing an action against Jason. However, there is no evidence of an ouster on Jills part and it would most likely be presumed that Barry had retained possession. In this case Jills time at Holly Cottage would be irrelevant and Jason will only be able to rely on his own residency. When Jason took occupation of Holly Cottage he fenced in the boundaries and in doing so incorporated the farm land into his own. This act of taking control of the land would be sufficient to dispossess Barry. 19 It would also be evidence of his intention to possess the land, as it would have the effect of excluding all others from the land. 0 It is unclear what Jason uses the farmland for but by excluding all others he has exercised exclusive control over it, so it is likely that he would be deemed to have taken possession of it. His possession is not with the consent of Barry and so is adverse to Barrys title. Jasons mistaken belief that the land was actually his will not hinder his claim as adverse possession can arise through ignorance or mistake. 21 Jason has exercised adverse possession but has not yet done so for the limitation period of twelve years so Barrys title has not yet been extinguished. Written communication such as the letters that Jason has received are insufficient to stop the limitation period running. 22 To end the limitation period Barry must start possession proceedings and bring an action for possession. Jason should remain in possession of the disputed land and if proceedings are not begun within the limitation period Barry will be statute barred from bringing an action and his title will be extinguished. Jason would then have a possessory title that was good against the whole world and could apply to the Chief Land Registrar to be registered as the proprietor. In so far as the barn on the west side of the cottage, as with the farmland there seems to have been no ouster performed by Jill and it is unlikely that the courts would find that the true owner had abandoned it. Jason carried out structural work on the barn and has since used it as a mechanical workshop. There is a good chance that a court would find that Jason took possession of the barn, and the structural work he carried out can be seen as evidence of his intention to possess. He does not have the consent of the landowner so his possession is adverse. The only real doubt about Jason exercising adverse possession in relation to the barn is whether or not the true owner lost possession. It would be for the court to decide if Jasons actions had dispossessed the landowner or if he had discontinued use of his land. If the landowner has not lost possession of the barn Jason could come to some agreement that would entitle him to use it under a form of license. On the other hand, if Jason were found to be exercising adverse possession and the true owner failed to initiate possession proceedings within the limitation period, the title of the true owner would be extinguished. The fact that Jason said he was willing to pay for the use of the barn would not harm his claim, as it does not mean that he does not intend to possess the barn. 23 So if the true owners title is extinguished then Jason has a better title in relation to all others and can apply to be registered as the proprietor. The law of adverse possession is soon to be reformed by the Land Registration Act 2002. This act will only apply to registered estates, and is intended to reduce the scope of adverse possession claims so as to introduce certainty to the law. The idea behind the new scheme is to put the onus of taking the initiative on the squatter, and to give the registered owner notice and opportunity to terminate the adverse possession. This will put a stop to unaware landowners losing out through mere lapse of time. Basically, the position24 will be that after ten years of adverse possession a squatter can apply to become the registered proprietor. The registered proprietor and others with interests will be notified and be given two months to object. If there is an objection the application will be rejected unless the squatter can establish his entitlement, for instance proving that he reasonably believed the land belonged to him. If the application is rejected but the squatter remains in adverse possession for a further two years he can then apply once more to be registered. There can be no objections to this application and the squatter will acquire the property. Under these new regulations Jason may have had a better claim to the disputed pieces of land. In both cases he has been in possession of the land for ten years, meaning he could apply to be registered. If he could prove that it was reasonable for him to have believed the land was his he would have acquired the title to it. If this could not be proved Jason could still gain the land through the inactivity of the true landowners.