Roman Civil War And Caesar Essays - Julio-Claudian Dynasty

Roman Civil War And Caesar If anyone had hoped that the assassination of Julius Caesar would bring about the return of Republican rule, they must surely have been disappointed, for the political turbulence simply continued. Caesar's assassins and his old commanders battled for control, while orators like Cicero labored to save the old Republic. In the and, Julius Caesar's great nephew and adopted son Octavian known to history as Augustus Caesar outmaneuvered and outfought everyone. The year after his uncle's death, Octavian and his allies of the Caesarian faction joined forces in an alliance called the second Triumvirate. By means of intriguer and threat, they coerced the senate into granting them and their legions the power to rectory peace to the Roman state. In the battle of Philippi, in northern Greece in 42b.c., Octavian and his allies defeated the conspirators who had assassinated Julius Caesar. However, peace was not at hand. Octavian split with his former allies, especially with Mark Antony, who was now Cleopatra's lover. In a climactic naval battle at Actium in 31b.c., Octavian defeated Mark Antony. Antony's death and Octavian's victory effectively ended the Roman Civil war. In the thirty seventh poems in his first book of Odes, the poet Horace wrote in response: Nuncest bibendum nuncpede libero pulsanda tellus! Octavian took power, and Horace hailed him as "Caesar," which, for the first time, becomes a horrific title. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus held both military command and tribunician power he was both chief priest. He was also politically astute enough to adorn reality with palatable outward forms, replacing democracy with autocracy in a way that did not antagonize the public. He called on the services of culture, religion, literature, architecture, and the visual arts to help create a new picture of the world, with the result that there was a politically inspired aesthetic revolution, which led to the legalization of absolute power. In 27b.c., Octavian formally divested himself of all authority. In response, the Senate and the people promptly gave it back to him, voting him the title Augustus. Although he was never officially emperor of Rome at all, within four years he had assumed complete power including the right of veto over any law. The Republic was formally dead. During the forty-five years that Augustus ruled, the Senate and popular assemblies continued to meet. However, the election of consuls, proconsuls, tribunes, and other officials required his blessing, the Senate was filled with Augustus' finds, and the popular assemblies seem to have lost all political function. As commander of the armies, he rule all the vast territories of an empire that reached to the Rivers Rhine and Danube in what is now Germany. He commanded in the name of his uncle, Julius Caesar, and on the basis of his own military victories, claiming that he brought peace and order after a century of civil wars. He rebuilt temples to the Olympian gods, the "divine" Julius Caesar, and to "Rome and Augustus." He built roads, bridges, and aqueducts, established a sound currency, nurtured honest government, and maintained peace, which lasted nearly two hundred years.

Thomas Mathus Principles of Population Essays

Thomas Mathus Principles of Population Essays Thomas Mathus Principles of Population Essay Thomas Mathus Principles of Population Essay Thomas Malthus Principles of Population Today, there is both agreement and disagreement of Thomas Malthus’ essay on the principles of population. Malthus stated that population grows exponentially or at â€Å"geometric rate† and food production grows at arithmetic rate, or linearly. Geometric rate grows in a series of numbers (2,4,8,16,32†¦etc. ), which shows that children will grow up and each have their own children, and those children will have their own children. Eventually the base numbers of children will be so high that the population will grow rapidly, out pacing food production. Food production grows arithmetically in a series of number (2,3,4,5,6†¦etc. ) Today, some geographers believe that Malthus’ theory can be used to predict future population issues. The demographic transistion theory gives some explaination behind each side of malthus’ theory. The demographic transition theoy is shown through different stages of growth. Stage 1,low growth (high birth and high death rates),stage 2,high growth (high birth and low death rates), stage 3,moderate growth(low birth and low death rates), and stage 4, low growth(low birth and steady death). Countries that are in stages 2 and 3 are growing rapidly, without a fast food production. For example, in lesser developed countries such as Nigeria the population is growing rapidly, and out pacing the production of food. Also, with today’s medical technology, people are also living longer. The longer someone lives, the more food they need to stay alive. Some geographers are against Thomas Malthus’ theory on the principles of population. Although people are living longer, with a growing population also comes advancement in food technologies. Thomas Malthus did not take the advancements in the food technology into account when he proposed this theory. New food production advancements include technologies such as chemical fertilization, so more food is able to be produced. In countries that are in stage 3 and 4 of the demographic transition theory, such as the United States, there is a slow population growth. Additionally, there are many new technologies in food production and an abundant supply of food offered to United States citizens. This is an example of a place where the food production can keep up with the population growth.

Executive Reward Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Executive Reward Paper - Essay Example There is a general trend that these executives are normally paid more in comparison to the other lower level employees. The pay of these executives is made by a base salary along with several other perks and short and long term incentives (Pepper, 2006). HISTORY AND CURRENT TRENDS OF EXECUTIVE REWARD IN UK: Starting from the late 1970s, the high pay commission has investigated that there had been a sustainable trend in income that leads to income inequality. Most of the wealthy elite are going to be rich and bankers and business leaders have been gaining a lot from this upward trend. Starting in the early 1980s, it has been noticed that a huge shift occurred in which pay at the top level increased exponentially in comparison to the pay at the lower level. But still this pay level appears to be increasingly disconnected from the performance of the company. In FTSE 100 companies, an executive pay rose by 49% in 2010 (The High Pay Commission 2011a). This shows that there has been a huge increase in the pay of employees at the top managerial level of some of the biggest companies. As a result of this injustice, top pay results in market failure. High levels of inequality in income have contributed to sectoral imbalances, regional disparities in investment and assets bubble inflation. Today, the association of British insurers recognises the significance of large pay awards and they have claimed that excessive or undeserved remuneration has an impact on the efficient operation of the company. There has been considerable amount of increase in the previous thirty years (The High Pay Commission 2011a). AIMS OF EXECUTIVE REMUNERATION AND FACTORS LEADING TO EXCESSIVE REMUNERATION: Setting executive remuneration is one of the important and tough task for the organisation. the aims of the organisation behind the executive remuneration are to make sure that competent executives are attracted and retained. Apart from this it is important to motivate and encourage the top exe cutives as the overall performance of the business is directly dependent on them. Another factor which should be considered while setting executive remuneration is that it should facilitate the organisation in the process of being cost effective (Hume, 1995). Apart from all these aims and objectives of the organisation, there are several other factors and elements which directly affects the executive pay or remuneration. Some of these factors are: corporate governance, government regulations, interests of shareholders, labour market, value and culture of the organisation, employees, etc. Organisations have to balance all these factors along with the requirements and aims in order to come up with appropriate executive remuneration (Hume, 1995). Some of these factors have resulted in increasing the executive pay. Four main causes behind the excessive executive remuneration are (The High Pay Commission 2011a): 1. The ongoing efforts to relate the salary with the performance. 2. The str ucture of the organisation is not able to check and control the payments and earnings at top level. Some of the committee members have their own interests associated with the level of the salary and remuneration. 3. Condition of the labour market also has direct impact on the excessive executive remuneration. Most of the organisatio